Question: Place in three unlabelled test tubes containing one of the following substances: ethanol, phenol, glycerol. Distinguish each substance by chemical method.
Answer:
Add bromine aqueous solution to 3 test tubes, which tube appears as a white precipitate as phenol, without alcohol and glycerol.
Then add Cu(OH)2 In which test tube the solution turns blue is glycerol, the other is ethanol
PTTH proves:
(First)
(2): 2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 → [C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu + 2H2O
Let’s learn more about Ancol with Cungdaythang.com to answer the above question!
I. WHAT IS ANCOL?
DEFINE
Alcohols are organic compounds in molecules that contain an -OH group bonded to a C no (C sp.) atom.3) of the hydrocarbon radical.
– Alcohol is the product obtained when replacing the bonded H atom with C sp3 in hydrocarbons with the -OH group.
– General formula of wine:
+ OLDxHyOz (x, y, z belong to N *; y is even; 4 ≤ y ≤ 2x + 2; z ≤ x): often used when writing combustion reactions.
+ OLDxHy(OH)z or R(OH)z: is often used when writing reactions that occur with the OH group.
+ OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-z(OH)z (k = number of bonds p + number of rings; n, z are natural numbers; z ≤ n): often used when writing the addition reaction H2, with Br2When knowing the number of positions, complete or incomplete…
– Alcohol content is % by volume of C2H5Pure OH in solution C2H5OH
The number of times alcohol is the number of OH groups present in the alcohol molecule.
The alcohol degree is the degree of the C atom bonded to the OH group.
II. RECOMMENDATION
1. Alternate name
Alternative name = Corresponding hydrocarbon name + position number OH + ol
2. Common name
Common name = alcohol (alcohol) + Hydrocarbon base name + ic
Consider: Some wines have their own names to remember:
ONLY2OH-ONLY2OH Etilenglicol
ONLY2OH-CHOH-JUST2OH Glycerin (Glixerol)
ONLY3-CH (ONLY3)-ONLY2– ONLY2OH Isoamylic alcohol
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Status
From COFirst to Ctwelveth is liquid, from C13 above is solid.
2. Boiling temperature
– Compared with substances with M equivalents, the boiling point of: Salt > Acids > Alcohols > Aldehits > Hydrocarbons, ethers and esters…
– Explanation: the boiling point of a substance usually depends on the following factors:
+ M: The larger the M, the higher the boiling point.
+ Polarity of the bond: ionic bond > polar covalent bond > nonpolar covalent bond.
The number of hydrogen bonds: the more H bonds, the higher the boiling point.
+ Strength of hydrogen bonds: The stronger the H bond, the higher the boiling point.
3. Solubility
– Alcohols with 1, 2, 3 C atoms in the molecule are infinitely soluble in water.
– The higher the alcohol C, the lower the solubility in water because the hydrophobicity of the hydrocarbon radical increases.
IV. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Reaction with alkali metals
R(OH)z + zNa → R (ONa)z +z / 2H2
R (ONa)z: Sodium alcolat is easily hydrolyzed in water:
R (ONa)z + zH2O → R (OH)z + zNaOH
Attention:
In the reaction of alcohols with Na:
mNa increase = mwine – mH2 = nwine. (MR + 16z).
mWine bottle increased = mNa – mH2 = nwine.22z.
– If a solution of an alcohol reacts with Na, in addition to the reaction of the alcohol, there is also H reacting.2O with Na.
– Number of alcohol functional groups = 2.nH2/ FEMALEwine.
2. Reaction with acids
one. With inorganic acid HX
OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-z(OH)z + (z + k) HX → CWOMENH2n + 2 – zXz + k
→ the number of atoms X is equal to the sum of the number of OH groups and the number of pi bonds.
b. With organic acids (esterification reaction)
ROH + R’COOH R’COOR + H2O
yR (OH)x + xR’ (COOH)y R’x(COO)xyCHEAPy + xyH2O
Attention:
The reaction was carried out in an acidic medium and heated.
– The reversible reaction should pay attention to the equilibrium shift.
3. Water splitting reaction (dehydration)
one. Extract water from alcohol molecules to form alkenes of saturated, monofunctional, open-chain alcohols.
OLDWOMENH2n + 1OH → CWOMENH2n + FRIENDS2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solid,> 170C)
Conditions of alcohol participating in the reaction: alcohol has Hα.
Attention:
– If a saturated, open-chain monomeric alcohol does not split water to form an alkene, the alcohol does not have Hα (just Hα).3OH or alcohol but where the C atom is bonded to the OH only bonded to the other tertiary C).
– If water splitting an alcohol will give a mixture of many alkenes which are high order alcohols (2nd and 3rd order) and asymmetrical C chain through C bonded to OH.
– Many alcohols split water to form alkenes, the following possibilities occur:
There are alcohols that do not separate from water.
Alcohols are isomers of each other.
– The main product in the process of water separation according to Zaixep’s law.
– When solving exercises related to the water splitting reaction, remember:
mwine = malkenes + mH2O + mResidual alcohol
WOMENalcohol reaction = nalkenes = nnation
Specific dehydration reactions:
ONLY2OH-ONLY2OH → ONLY3FOR + THEM2O
ONLY2OH-CHOH-JUST2OH → ONLY2= CH-FOR + 2FUL2O
b. Separation of water from 2 alcohol molecules to form ethers
ROH + ROH → ROR + H2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solids; 140C)
ROH + R’OH → ROR’ + H2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solids; 140C)
Attention:
– From n alcohols are not the same when separating water, we get n. (N + 1) / 2 ethers where the n ethers are symmetrical.
– If water is split to obtain ethers with the same number of moles, the alcohols participating in the reaction also have the same number of moles and n.wine = 2.nether = 2.nH2O and FEMALEwine = mether + nH2O + mResidual alcohol.
4. Oxidation reaction
one. Complete oxidation
OLDxHyOz + (x + y / 4 – z / 2) O2 → xCO2 + y / 2H2O
Attention:
– The reaction of burning alcohols has the same characteristics as the reaction of burning corresponding hydrocarbons.
+ If you burn alcohol, you will give nH2O > nCO2 → wine to burn is full wine and nwine = nH2O – WOMENCO2.
+ If you burn alcohol, you will give nH2O > 1.5.nCO2 → only alcohol3OH. ONLY4 and just3OH has this property (excluding amines).
– When an organic compound X is burned, n is obtained. be foundH2O > nCO2 → the substance is an alkane, an open-chain saturated alcohol or an open-chain saturated ether (with the same formula CWOMENH2n + 2Ox).
b. Incomplete oxidation (reacts with CuO or O2 catalyst is Cu)
– Primary alcohol + CuO to form aldehydes:
RCH2OH + CuO → RCHO + Cu + H2O
– Secondary alcohol + CuO to form ketones:
RCHOHR ‘+ CuO → RCOR’ + Cu + H2O
Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized by CuO.
Attention:
mreduced solids = mCuO reacts – mCu make up = 16.nSingle alcohol.
5. Characteristic reactions of some alcohols
– ethyl alcohol ONLY3ONLY2OH:
OLD2H5OH + O2 → ONLY3COOH + HOW2O (vinegar yeast)
2 C2H5OH → ONLY2= CH-CH = ONLY2 + 2 HOUSES2O + H2 (Al2O3ZnO, 450C)
– Unsaturated alcohols have similar reactions with corresponding hydrocarbons, for example Alylic ONLY2 = CH – ONLY2OH
ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + H2 → ONLY3– ONLY2– ONLY2OH (Ni, t)
ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + Br2 → ONLY2ONLY Br-CHBr-2OH
3 ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + 2KMnO4 + 4 HOURS2O → 3C3H5(OH)3 + 2KOH + 2MnO2
– Polyfunctional alcohols with adjacent OH groups: form a blue solution with Cu(OH)2 At common temperatures:
2R(OH)2 + Cu(OH)2 → [R(OH)O]2Cu + 2H2O
– Some cases of alcohol not stable:
+ Alcohols with OH group attached to a C double bond convert to aldehydes or ketones:
ONLY2= CH-OH → ONLY3GIVE
ONLY2= COH-ONLY3 → ONLY3-CO-ONLY3
+ Alcohols with 2 OH groups attached to 1 C atom dissociate to form aldehydes or ketones:
RCH(OH)2 → RCHO + Surname2O
HO-CO-OH → OR2O + CO2
RC(OH)2R’ → RCOR’ + OR2O
+ Alcohols with 3 OH groups attached to 1 C atom separate from water to form acids:
RC(OH)3 → RCOOH + HIM2O
V. PRODUCTION
1. Hydrolysis of halogen derivatives
OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-xXx + xMOH → CWOMENH2n + 2-2k-x(OH)x + xMX
2. Add water to alkenes to form saturated, monofunctional, open-chain alcohols.
OLDWOMENH2n + FRIENDS2O → CWOMENH2n + 1OH (HOT)+)
The reaction follows Maccoph’s addition rule, so if the alkene is symmetric, the reaction will only form one alcohol.
3. Hydrolysis of esters in alkaline environment
RCOOR’ + NaOH → RCOONa + R’OH
4. With Family2 into aldehydes or ketones
RCHO + Surname2 → RCH2OH (Ni, t)
RCOR ‘+ SURVEY2 → RCHOHR ‘(Ni, t)
5. Oxidize compounds with double bonds with KMnO. solution4
3 ONLY2= ONLY2 + 2KMnO4 + 4 HOURS2O → 3JUST2OH-ONLY2OH + 2KOH + 2MnO2
6. Specific modulation method ONLY3OH
ONLY4 + FRIENDS2O → CO + 3H2
CO + 2H2 → ONLY3OH (ZnO, CrO.)3400C, 200atm)
2 ONLY4 + O2 → 2 ONLY3OH (Cu, 200C, 100 atm)
7. C modulation method2H5OH
– Starch fermentation:
(C)6HtenO5)WOMEN → OLD6HtwelvethO6 → OLD2H5OH
Specific reactions:
(C)6HtenO5)WOMEN + n2O → nC6HtwelvethO6
OLD6HtwelvethO6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (wine yeast)
– Hydration of ethylene, acid catalysis:
OLD2H4 + FRIENDS2O → C2H5OH
These are industrial methods of preparing ethyl alcohol.
BECAUSE. KNOW
– Form colorless gas with alkali metals (consider solutions that have this reaction).
– Make the heated CuO change from black Cu to red Cu.
– Polyfunctional alcohols with adjacent OH groups dissolve Cu(OH)2 form a blue solution.
– Unsaturated alcohol reacts to discolor Bromine solution.
Posted by: Cungdaythang.com
Category: Grade 12, Chemistry 12
Category: Education
#Give #test tubes #no #label #stickers #contain #one of #the following #substances #ethanol #phenol #glixerol
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Cho ba ống thử ko nhãn dán đựng một trong các chất sau etanol, phenol, glixerol
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Question: Place in three unlabelled test tubes containing one of the following substances: ethanol, phenol, glycerol. Distinguish each substance by chemical method.
Answer:
Add bromine aqueous solution to 3 test tubes, which tube appears as a white precipitate as phenol, without alcohol and glycerol.
Then add Cu(OH)2 In which test tube the solution turns blue is glycerol, the other is ethanol
PTTH proves:
(First)
(2): 2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 → [C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu + 2H2O
Let's learn more about Ancol with Cungdaythang.com to answer the above question!
I. WHAT IS ANCOL?
DEFINE
Alcohols are organic compounds in molecules that contain an -OH group bonded to a C no (C sp.) atom.3) of the hydrocarbon radical.
– Alcohol is the product obtained when replacing the bonded H atom with C sp3 in hydrocarbons with the -OH group.
- General formula of wine:
+ OLDxHyOz (x, y, z belong to N *; y is even; 4 ≤ y ≤ 2x + 2; z ≤ x): often used when writing combustion reactions.
+ OLDxHy(OH)z or R(OH)z: is often used when writing reactions that occur with the OH group.
+ OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-z(OH)z (k = number of bonds p + number of rings; n, z are natural numbers; z ≤ n): often used when writing the addition reaction H2, with Br2When knowing the number of positions, complete or incomplete...
– Alcohol content is % by volume of C2H5Pure OH in solution C2H5OH
The number of times alcohol is the number of OH groups present in the alcohol molecule.
The alcohol degree is the degree of the C atom bonded to the OH group.
II. RECOMMENDATION
1. Alternate name
Alternative name = Corresponding hydrocarbon name + position number OH + ol
2. Common name
Common name = alcohol (alcohol) + Hydrocarbon base name + ic
Consider: Some wines have their own names to remember:
ONLY2OH-ONLY2OH Etilenglicol
ONLY2OH-CHOH-JUST2OH Glycerin (Glixerol)
ONLY3-CH (ONLY3)-ONLY2- ONLY2OH Isoamylic alcohol
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Status
From COFirst to Ctwelveth is liquid, from C13 above is solid.
2. Boiling temperature
– Compared with substances with M equivalents, the boiling point of: Salt > Acids > Alcohols > Aldehits > Hydrocarbons, ethers and esters…
– Explanation: the boiling point of a substance usually depends on the following factors:
+ M: The larger the M, the higher the boiling point.
+ Polarity of the bond: ionic bond > polar covalent bond > nonpolar covalent bond.
The number of hydrogen bonds: the more H bonds, the higher the boiling point.
+ Strength of hydrogen bonds: The stronger the H bond, the higher the boiling point.
3. Solubility
– Alcohols with 1, 2, 3 C atoms in the molecule are infinitely soluble in water.
- The higher the alcohol C, the lower the solubility in water because the hydrophobicity of the hydrocarbon radical increases.
IV. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Reaction with alkali metals
R(OH)z + zNa → R (ONa)z +z / 2H2
R (ONa)z: Sodium alcolat is easily hydrolyzed in water:
R (ONa)z + zH2O → R (OH)z + zNaOH
Attention:
In the reaction of alcohols with Na:
mNa increase = mwine – mH2 = nwine. (MR + 16z).
mWine bottle increased = mNa – mH2 = nwine.22z.
- If a solution of an alcohol reacts with Na, in addition to the reaction of the alcohol, there is also H reacting.2O with Na.
– Number of alcohol functional groups = 2.nH2/ FEMALEwine.
2. Reaction with acids
one. With inorganic acid HX
OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-z(OH)z + (z + k) HX → CWOMENH2n + 2 – zXz + k
→ the number of atoms X is equal to the sum of the number of OH groups and the number of pi bonds.
b. With organic acids (esterification reaction)
ROH + R'COOH R'COOR + H2O
yR (OH)x + xR' (COOH)y R'x(COO)xyCHEAPy + xyH2O
Attention:
The reaction was carried out in an acidic medium and heated.
– The reversible reaction should pay attention to the equilibrium shift.
3. Water splitting reaction (dehydration)
one. Extract water from alcohol molecules to form alkenes of saturated, monofunctional, open-chain alcohols.
OLDWOMENH2n + 1OH → CWOMENH2n + FRIENDS2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solid,> 170C)
Conditions of alcohol participating in the reaction: alcohol has Hα.
Attention:
– If a saturated, open-chain monomeric alcohol does not split water to form an alkene, the alcohol does not have Hα (just Hα).3OH or alcohol but where the C atom is bonded to the OH only bonded to the other tertiary C).
– If water splitting an alcohol will give a mixture of many alkenes which are high order alcohols (2nd and 3rd order) and asymmetrical C chain through C bonded to OH.
– Many alcohols split water to form alkenes, the following possibilities occur:
There are alcohols that do not separate from water.
Alcohols are isomers of each other.
- The main product in the process of water separation according to Zaixep's law.
– When solving exercises related to the water splitting reaction, remember:
mwine = malkenes + mH2O + mResidual alcohol
WOMENalcohol reaction = nalkenes = nnation
Specific dehydration reactions:
ONLY2OH-ONLY2OH → ONLY3FOR + THEM2O
ONLY2OH-CHOH-JUST2OH → ONLY2= CH-FOR + 2FUL2O
b. Separation of water from 2 alcohol molecules to form ethers
ROH + ROH → ROR + H2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solids; 140C)
ROH + R'OH → ROR' + H2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solids; 140C)
Attention:
– From n alcohols are not the same when separating water, we get n. (N + 1) / 2 ethers where the n ethers are symmetrical.
– If water is split to obtain ethers with the same number of moles, the alcohols participating in the reaction also have the same number of moles and n.wine = 2.nether = 2.nH2O and FEMALEwine = mether + nH2O + mResidual alcohol.
4. Oxidation reaction
one. Complete oxidation
OLDxHyOz + (x + y / 4 – z / 2) O2 → xCO2 + y / 2H2O
Attention:
– The reaction of burning alcohols has the same characteristics as the reaction of burning corresponding hydrocarbons.
+ If you burn alcohol, you will give nH2O > nCO2 → wine to burn is full wine and nwine = nH2O – WOMENCO2.
+ If you burn alcohol, you will give nH2O > 1.5.nCO2 → only alcohol3OH. ONLY4 and just3OH has this property (excluding amines).
– When an organic compound X is burned, n is obtained. be foundH2O > nCO2 → the substance is an alkane, an open-chain saturated alcohol or an open-chain saturated ether (with the same formula CWOMENH2n + 2Ox).
b. Incomplete oxidation (reacts with CuO or O2 catalyst is Cu)
- Primary alcohol + CuO to form aldehydes:
RCH2OH + CuO → RCHO + Cu + H2O
– Secondary alcohol + CuO to form ketones:
RCHOHR '+ CuO → RCOR' + Cu + H2O
Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized by CuO.
Attention:
mreduced solids = mCuO reacts – mCu make up = 16.nSingle alcohol.
5. Characteristic reactions of some alcohols
– ethyl alcohol ONLY3ONLY2OH:
OLD2H5OH + O2 → ONLY3COOH + HOW2O (vinegar yeast)
2 C2H5OH → ONLY2= CH-CH = ONLY2 + 2 HOUSES2O + H2 (Al2O3ZnO, 450C)
– Unsaturated alcohols have similar reactions with corresponding hydrocarbons, for example Alylic ONLY2 = CH – ONLY2OH
ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + H2 → ONLY3- ONLY2- ONLY2OH (Ni, t)
ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + Br2 → ONLY2ONLY Br-CHBr-2OH
3 ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + 2KMnO4 + 4 HOURS2O → 3C3H5(OH)3 + 2KOH + 2MnO2
– Polyfunctional alcohols with adjacent OH groups: form a blue solution with Cu(OH)2 At common temperatures:
2R(OH)2 + Cu(OH)2 → [R(OH)O]2Cu + 2H2O
- Some cases of alcohol not stable:
+ Alcohols with OH group attached to a C double bond convert to aldehydes or ketones:
ONLY2= CH-OH → ONLY3GIVE
ONLY2= COH-ONLY3 → ONLY3-CO-ONLY3
+ Alcohols with 2 OH groups attached to 1 C atom dissociate to form aldehydes or ketones:
RCH(OH)2 → RCHO + Surname2O
HO-CO-OH → OR2O + CO2
RC(OH)2R' → RCOR' + OR2O
+ Alcohols with 3 OH groups attached to 1 C atom separate from water to form acids:
RC(OH)3 → RCOOH + HIM2O
V. PRODUCTION
1. Hydrolysis of halogen derivatives
OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-xXx + xMOH → CWOMENH2n + 2-2k-x(OH)x + xMX
2. Add water to alkenes to form saturated, monofunctional, open-chain alcohols.
OLDWOMENH2n + FRIENDS2O → CWOMENH2n + 1OH (HOT)+)
The reaction follows Maccoph's addition rule, so if the alkene is symmetric, the reaction will only form one alcohol.
3. Hydrolysis of esters in alkaline environment
RCOOR' + NaOH → RCOONa + R'OH
4. With Family2 into aldehydes or ketones
RCHO + Surname2 → RCH2OH (Ni, t)
RCOR '+ SURVEY2 → RCHOHR '(Ni, t)
5. Oxidize compounds with double bonds with KMnO. solution4
3 ONLY2= ONLY2 + 2KMnO4 + 4 HOURS2O → 3JUST2OH-ONLY2OH + 2KOH + 2MnO2
6. Specific modulation method ONLY3OH
ONLY4 + FRIENDS2O → CO + 3H2
CO + 2H2 → ONLY3OH (ZnO, CrO.)3400C, 200atm)
2 ONLY4 + O2 → 2 ONLY3OH (Cu, 200C, 100 atm)
7. C modulation method2H5OH
- Starch fermentation:
(C)6HtenO5)WOMEN → OLD6HtwelvethO6 → OLD2H5OH
Specific reactions:
(C)6HtenO5)WOMEN + n2O → nC6HtwelvethO6
OLD6HtwelvethO6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (wine yeast)
- Hydration of ethylene, acid catalysis:
OLD2H4 + FRIENDS2O → C2H5OH
These are industrial methods of preparing ethyl alcohol.
BECAUSE. KNOW
– Form colorless gas with alkali metals (consider solutions that have this reaction).
– Make the heated CuO change from black Cu to red Cu.
- Polyfunctional alcohols with adjacent OH groups dissolve Cu(OH)2 form a blue solution.
- Unsaturated alcohol reacts to discolor Bromine solution.
Posted by: Cungdaythang.com
Category: Grade 12, Chemistry 12
Category: Education
#Give #test tubes #no #label #stickers #contain #one of #the following #substances #ethanol #phenol #glixerol
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You are watching: Put three unlabeled test tubes containing one of the following substances: ethanol, phenol, glycerol in Cungdaythang.com
Question: Place in three unlabelled test tubes containing one of the following substances: ethanol, phenol, glycerol. Distinguish each substance by chemical method.
Answer:
Add bromine aqueous solution to 3 test tubes, which tube appears as a white precipitate as phenol, without alcohol and glycerol.
Then add Cu(OH)2 In which test tube the solution turns blue is glycerol, the other is ethanol
PTTH proves:
(First)
(2): 2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 → [C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu + 2H2O
Let’s learn more about Ancol with Cungdaythang.com to answer the above question!
I. WHAT IS ANCOL?
DEFINE
Alcohols are organic compounds in molecules that contain an -OH group bonded to a C no (C sp.) atom.3) of the hydrocarbon radical.
– Alcohol is the product obtained when replacing the bonded H atom with C sp3 in hydrocarbons with the -OH group.
– General formula of wine:
+ OLDxHyOz (x, y, z belong to N *; y is even; 4 ≤ y ≤ 2x + 2; z ≤ x): often used when writing combustion reactions.
+ OLDxHy(OH)z or R(OH)z: is often used when writing reactions that occur with the OH group.
+ OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-z(OH)z (k = number of bonds p + number of rings; n, z are natural numbers; z ≤ n): often used when writing the addition reaction H2, with Br2When knowing the number of positions, complete or incomplete…
– Alcohol content is % by volume of C2H5Pure OH in solution C2H5OH
The number of times alcohol is the number of OH groups present in the alcohol molecule.
The alcohol degree is the degree of the C atom bonded to the OH group.
II. RECOMMENDATION
1. Alternate name
Alternative name = Corresponding hydrocarbon name + position number OH + ol
2. Common name
Common name = alcohol (alcohol) + Hydrocarbon base name + ic
Consider: Some wines have their own names to remember:
ONLY2OH-ONLY2OH Etilenglicol
ONLY2OH-CHOH-JUST2OH Glycerin (Glixerol)
ONLY3-CH (ONLY3)-ONLY2– ONLY2OH Isoamylic alcohol
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Status
From COFirst to Ctwelveth is liquid, from C13 above is solid.
2. Boiling temperature
– Compared with substances with M equivalents, the boiling point of: Salt > Acids > Alcohols > Aldehits > Hydrocarbons, ethers and esters…
– Explanation: the boiling point of a substance usually depends on the following factors:
+ M: The larger the M, the higher the boiling point.
+ Polarity of the bond: ionic bond > polar covalent bond > nonpolar covalent bond.
The number of hydrogen bonds: the more H bonds, the higher the boiling point.
+ Strength of hydrogen bonds: The stronger the H bond, the higher the boiling point.
3. Solubility
– Alcohols with 1, 2, 3 C atoms in the molecule are infinitely soluble in water.
– The higher the alcohol C, the lower the solubility in water because the hydrophobicity of the hydrocarbon radical increases.
IV. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Reaction with alkali metals
R(OH)z + zNa → R (ONa)z +z / 2H2
R (ONa)z: Sodium alcolat is easily hydrolyzed in water:
R (ONa)z + zH2O → R (OH)z + zNaOH
Attention:
In the reaction of alcohols with Na:
mNa increase = mwine – mH2 = nwine. (MR + 16z).
mWine bottle increased = mNa – mH2 = nwine.22z.
– If a solution of an alcohol reacts with Na, in addition to the reaction of the alcohol, there is also H reacting.2O with Na.
– Number of alcohol functional groups = 2.nH2/ FEMALEwine.
2. Reaction with acids
one. With inorganic acid HX
OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-z(OH)z + (z + k) HX → CWOMENH2n + 2 – zXz + k
→ the number of atoms X is equal to the sum of the number of OH groups and the number of pi bonds.
b. With organic acids (esterification reaction)
ROH + R’COOH R’COOR + H2O
yR (OH)x + xR’ (COOH)y R’x(COO)xyCHEAPy + xyH2O
Attention:
The reaction was carried out in an acidic medium and heated.
– The reversible reaction should pay attention to the equilibrium shift.
3. Water splitting reaction (dehydration)
one. Extract water from alcohol molecules to form alkenes of saturated, monofunctional, open-chain alcohols.
OLDWOMENH2n + 1OH → CWOMENH2n + FRIENDS2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solid,> 170C)
Conditions of alcohol participating in the reaction: alcohol has Hα.
Attention:
– If a saturated, open-chain monomeric alcohol does not split water to form an alkene, the alcohol does not have Hα (just Hα).3OH or alcohol but where the C atom is bonded to the OH only bonded to the other tertiary C).
– If water splitting an alcohol will give a mixture of many alkenes which are high order alcohols (2nd and 3rd order) and asymmetrical C chain through C bonded to OH.
– Many alcohols split water to form alkenes, the following possibilities occur:
There are alcohols that do not separate from water.
Alcohols are isomers of each other.
– The main product in the process of water separation according to Zaixep’s law.
– When solving exercises related to the water splitting reaction, remember:
mwine = malkenes + mH2O + mResidual alcohol
WOMENalcohol reaction = nalkenes = nnation
Specific dehydration reactions:
ONLY2OH-ONLY2OH → ONLY3FOR + THEM2O
ONLY2OH-CHOH-JUST2OH → ONLY2= CH-FOR + 2FUL2O
b. Separation of water from 2 alcohol molecules to form ethers
ROH + ROH → ROR + H2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solids; 140C)
ROH + R’OH → ROR’ + H2O (HOT)2THEREFORE4 solids; 140C)
Attention:
– From n alcohols are not the same when separating water, we get n. (N + 1) / 2 ethers where the n ethers are symmetrical.
– If water is split to obtain ethers with the same number of moles, the alcohols participating in the reaction also have the same number of moles and n.wine = 2.nether = 2.nH2O and FEMALEwine = mether + nH2O + mResidual alcohol.
4. Oxidation reaction
one. Complete oxidation
OLDxHyOz + (x + y / 4 – z / 2) O2 → xCO2 + y / 2H2O
Attention:
– The reaction of burning alcohols has the same characteristics as the reaction of burning corresponding hydrocarbons.
+ If you burn alcohol, you will give nH2O > nCO2 → wine to burn is full wine and nwine = nH2O – WOMENCO2.
+ If you burn alcohol, you will give nH2O > 1.5.nCO2 → only alcohol3OH. ONLY4 and just3OH has this property (excluding amines).
– When an organic compound X is burned, n is obtained. be foundH2O > nCO2 → the substance is an alkane, an open-chain saturated alcohol or an open-chain saturated ether (with the same formula CWOMENH2n + 2Ox).
b. Incomplete oxidation (reacts with CuO or O2 catalyst is Cu)
– Primary alcohol + CuO to form aldehydes:
RCH2OH + CuO → RCHO + Cu + H2O
– Secondary alcohol + CuO to form ketones:
RCHOHR ‘+ CuO → RCOR’ + Cu + H2O
Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized by CuO.
Attention:
mreduced solids = mCuO reacts – mCu make up = 16.nSingle alcohol.
5. Characteristic reactions of some alcohols
– ethyl alcohol ONLY3ONLY2OH:
OLD2H5OH + O2 → ONLY3COOH + HOW2O (vinegar yeast)
2 C2H5OH → ONLY2= CH-CH = ONLY2 + 2 HOUSES2O + H2 (Al2O3ZnO, 450C)
– Unsaturated alcohols have similar reactions with corresponding hydrocarbons, for example Alylic ONLY2 = CH – ONLY2OH
ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + H2 → ONLY3– ONLY2– ONLY2OH (Ni, t)
ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + Br2 → ONLY2ONLY Br-CHBr-2OH
3 ONLY2= CH-ONLY2OH + 2KMnO4 + 4 HOURS2O → 3C3H5(OH)3 + 2KOH + 2MnO2
– Polyfunctional alcohols with adjacent OH groups: form a blue solution with Cu(OH)2 At common temperatures:
2R(OH)2 + Cu(OH)2 → [R(OH)O]2Cu + 2H2O
– Some cases of alcohol not stable:
+ Alcohols with OH group attached to a C double bond convert to aldehydes or ketones:
ONLY2= CH-OH → ONLY3GIVE
ONLY2= COH-ONLY3 → ONLY3-CO-ONLY3
+ Alcohols with 2 OH groups attached to 1 C atom dissociate to form aldehydes or ketones:
RCH(OH)2 → RCHO + Surname2O
HO-CO-OH → OR2O + CO2
RC(OH)2R’ → RCOR’ + OR2O
+ Alcohols with 3 OH groups attached to 1 C atom separate from water to form acids:
RC(OH)3 → RCOOH + HIM2O
V. PRODUCTION
1. Hydrolysis of halogen derivatives
OLDWOMENH2n + 2-2k-xXx + xMOH → CWOMENH2n + 2-2k-x(OH)x + xMX
2. Add water to alkenes to form saturated, monofunctional, open-chain alcohols.
OLDWOMENH2n + FRIENDS2O → CWOMENH2n + 1OH (HOT)+)
The reaction follows Maccoph’s addition rule, so if the alkene is symmetric, the reaction will only form one alcohol.
3. Hydrolysis of esters in alkaline environment
RCOOR’ + NaOH → RCOONa + R’OH
4. With Family2 into aldehydes or ketones
RCHO + Surname2 → RCH2OH (Ni, t)
RCOR ‘+ SURVEY2 → RCHOHR ‘(Ni, t)
5. Oxidize compounds with double bonds with KMnO. solution4
3 ONLY2= ONLY2 + 2KMnO4 + 4 HOURS2O → 3JUST2OH-ONLY2OH + 2KOH + 2MnO2
6. Specific modulation method ONLY3OH
ONLY4 + FRIENDS2O → CO + 3H2
CO + 2H2 → ONLY3OH (ZnO, CrO.)3400C, 200atm)
2 ONLY4 + O2 → 2 ONLY3OH (Cu, 200C, 100 atm)
7. C modulation method2H5OH
– Starch fermentation:
(C)6HtenO5)WOMEN → OLD6HtwelvethO6 → OLD2H5OH
Specific reactions:
(C)6HtenO5)WOMEN + n2O → nC6HtwelvethO6
OLD6HtwelvethO6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (wine yeast)
– Hydration of ethylene, acid catalysis:
OLD2H4 + FRIENDS2O → C2H5OH
These are industrial methods of preparing ethyl alcohol.
BECAUSE. KNOW
– Form colorless gas with alkali metals (consider solutions that have this reaction).
– Make the heated CuO change from black Cu to red Cu.
– Polyfunctional alcohols with adjacent OH groups dissolve Cu(OH)2 form a blue solution.
– Unsaturated alcohol reacts to discolor Bromine solution.
Posted by: Cungdaythang.com
Category: Grade 12, Chemistry 12
Category: Education
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